UGC NET Syllabus: Paper 1 & 2- Latest PDF Download 2024

Parameters 

Online Doctorate

PhD

Lectures 

No need to attend the lectures. 

The candidate must attend the lectures regularly. There is no relaxation. 

Entrance examination

No need to appear in the entrance examination to pursue an Online doctorate program. 

You must appear in the entrance examination to pursue a PhD. 

Flexibility

The candidate can work along with research work. 

The candidate can only study. You cannot do job along with research. 

Approach

It is a solid blend of both practical as well as theoretical knowledge. 

PhD is more about the theoretical understanding of the concepts. 

Focus 

It aims to find a practical solution for the market through research and studies. It is more about practical application. 

It aims to study theoretical concepts and dig deep to fetch the information through the research work. 

Approval

The doctorate programs are offered by many foreign universities. 

Many universities offer PhD to the students. 

Duration

The duration of the doctorate program is 3-5 years. 

The duration of the program is 5-6 years. 

Parameters 

Paper 1 

Paper 2 

Examination Duration

3 hours 

3 hours 

Examination Mode 

Online 

Online 

Question Type 

Multiple choice questions(MCQ)

Multiple choice questions(MCQ)

Type of Examination

Same for all candidates 

It is a subject-specific examination. 

Marking Scheme

2 marks for the right answer and 0 marks for the wrong answer. 

2 marks for the right answer and 0 marks for the wrong answer. 

Total Marks 

100

200

Total Questions 

50

100

Political Science

Library and Information Science

General Paper on Teaching & Research Aptitude

Labour Welfare

Philosophy

Buddhist, Jaina, Gandhian and Peace Studies

Economics

Law

History

Performing Art

Sociology

Mass Communication and Journalism

Commerce

Archaeology

Psychology

Comparative Study of Religions

Defence and Strategic Studies

Folk Literature

Education

Criminology

Anthropology

Museology & Conservation

Population Studies

Women Studies

Home Science

Comparative Literature

Public Administration

Sanskrit traditional subjects

Maithili

Social Medicine & Community Health

Social Work

Tribal and Regional Language/Literature

Music

Visual Art

Kannada

Kashmiri

Bengali

Forensic Science

Management

Geography

Punjabi

Electronic Science

Hindi

Pali

Sanskrit

Environmental Sciences

Oriya

Computer Science and Applications

Telugu

Prakrit

Malayalam

Konkani

Urdu

Human Rights and Duties

Tamil

Politics

Arabic

Tourism Administration and Management.

Linguistics

Santali

English

Bodo

Chinese

Yoga

Dogri

Sindhi

Assamese

Russian

Nepali

Hindu Studies

Gujarati

Persian

Manipuri

Indian Knowledge System

Indian Culture

Physical Education

French (French Version)

German

Spanish

Japanese

Arab Culture and Islamic Studies

Adult Education

Marathi

Rajasthani

z

Subject Name

PDF of the syllabus

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General Paper on Teaching & Research Aptitude

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1

Economics

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3

Philosophy

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4

Psychology

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5

Sociology

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6

History

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7

Anthropology

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8

Commerce

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9

Education

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10

Social Work

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11

Defence and Strategic Studies

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12

Home Science

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14

Public Administration

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15

Population Studies

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16

Music

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17

Management

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18

Maithili

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19

Bengali

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20

Hindi

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21

Kannada

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22

Malayalam

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23

Oriya

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24

Punjabi

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25

Sanskrit

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26

Tamil

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27

Telugu

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28

Urdu

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29

Arabic

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30

English

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31

Linguistics

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32

Chinese

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33

Dogri

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34

Nepali

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35

Manipuri

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36

Assamese

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37

Gujarati

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38

Marathi

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39

French (French Version)

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40

Spanish

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41

Russian

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42

Persian

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43

Rajasthani

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44

German

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45

Japanese

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46

Adult Education

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47

Physical Education

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49

Arab Culture and Islamic Studies

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50

Indian Culture

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55

Labour Welfare

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58

Law

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59

Library and Information Science

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60

Buddhist, Jaina, Gandhian and Peace Studies

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62

Comparative Study of Religions

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63

Mass Communication and Journalism

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65

Performing Art

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66

Museology & Conservation

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67

Archaeology

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68

Criminology

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70

Tribal and Regional Language/Literature

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71

Folk Literature

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72

Comparative Literature

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73

Sanskrit traditional subjects

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74

Women Studies

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79

Visual Art

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80

Geography

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81

Social Medicine & Community Health

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82

Forensic Science

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83

Pali

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84

Kashmiri

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85

Konkani

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87

Computer Science and Applications

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88

Electronic Science

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89

Environmental Sciences

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90

Politics

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91

Prakrit

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92

Human Rights and Duties

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93

Tourism Administration and Management.

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94

Bodo

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95

Santali

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100

Yoga

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101

Sindhi

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102

Hindu Studies

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103

Indian Knowledge System

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Unit 1

Teaching Aptitude 

Unit 2

Research Aptitude

Unit 3 

Comprehension

Unit 4 

Communication

Unit 5

Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

Unit 6

Logical Reasoning

Unit 7 

Data Interpretation

Unit 8 

Information and Communication Technology 

Unit 9

People, Development and Environment 

Unit 10

Higher Education System 

Micro Economics

Unit 1    

• Theory of Production and Costs
• Game Theory – Non-Cooperative games
• Factor Pricing
• Efficiency Criteria: Pareto-Optimality, Kaldor – Welfare Economics: Fundamental Theorems, Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard
• Theory of Consumer Behaviour
• Decision making under uncertainty Attitude towards Risk
• Market Structures, competitive and non-competitive equilibria and their efficiency properties
• General Equilibrium Analysis
• Hicks and Wealth Maximization
• Social Welfare Function

Macro Economics

Unit 2

• Determination of output and employment: Classical & Keynesian Approach
• Investment Function
• Demand for Money
• IS-LM Model Approach
• Business Cycles
• Rational Expectation Hypothesis and its critique 
• National Income: Concepts and Measurement
• Consumption Function
• Multiplier and Accelerator
• Supply of Money
• Inflation and Phillips Curve Analysis
• Monetary and Fiscal Policy

Statistics and Econometrics

Unit 3    

• Probability Theory: Concepts of probability, Distributions, Moments,
• Central Limit theorem
• Descriptive Statistics – Measures of Central tendency & dispersions,
• Correlation, Index Numbers
• Sampling methods & Sampling Distribution
• Statistical Inferences, Hypothesis testing
• Linear Regression Models and their properties – BLUE
• Identification Problem
• Simultaneous Equation Models – recursive and non-recursive
• Discrete choice models
• Time Series Analysis

Mathematical Economics

Unit 4    

• Sets, functions and continuity, sequence, series
• Differential Calculus and its Applications
• Linear Algebra – Matrices, Vector Spaces
• Static Optimization Problems and their applications
• Input-Output Model, Linear Programming
• Difference and Differential equations with applications 

International Economics

Unit 5   

• International Trade: Basic concepts and analytical tools
• Theories of International Trade
• International Trade under imperfect competition
• Balance of Payments: Composition, Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
• and Adjustment Mechanisms
• Exchange Rate: Concepts and Theories
• Foreign Exchange Market and Arbitrage
• Gains from Trade, Terms of Trade, Trade Multiplier 
• Tariff and Non-Tariff barriers to trade; Dumping
• GATT, WTO and Regional Trade Blocks; Trade Policy Issues
• IMF & World Bank

Public Economics

Unit 6    

• Market Failure and Remedial Measures: Asymmetric Information,
• Public Goods, Externality
• Regulation of Market – Collusion and Consumers’ Welfare
• Public Revenue: Tax & Non-Tax Revenue, Direct & Indirect Taxes,
• Progressive and non-Progressive Taxation, Incidence and Effects of
• Taxation
• Public expenditure
• Public Debt and its management
• Public Budget and Budget Multiplier
• Fiscal Policy and its implications 

Money and Banking

Unit 7   

• Central Bank
• Commercial Banking
• Instruments and Working of Monetary Policy
• Non-banking Financial Institutions
• Capital Market and its Regulation

Growth and Development Economics

Unit 8   

• Economic Growth and Economic Development
• Theories of Economic Development: Adam Smith, Ricardo, Marx,
• Schumpeter, Rostow, Balanced & Unbalanced growth, Big Push
• approach.
• Models of Economic Growth: Harrod-Domar, Solow, Robinson,
• Kaldor
• Technical progress – Disembodied & embodied; endogenous growth
• Indicators of Economic Development: PQLI, HDI, SDGs
• Poverty and Inequalities – Concepts and Measurement
• Social Sector Development: Health, Education, Gender 

Environmental Economics and Demography

Unit 9             

• Environment as a Public Good
• Market Failure
• Coase Theorem
• Cost-Benefit Analysis and Compensation Criteria
• Valuation of Environmental Goods
• Theories of Population
• Concepts and Measures: Fertility, Morbidity, Mortality
• Age Structure, Demographic Dividend
• Life Table
• Migration

Indian Economy 

Unit 10      

• Economic Growth in India: Pattern and Structure
• Agriculture: Pattern & Structure of Growth, Major Challenges, Policy
• Responses
• Industry: Pattern & Structure of Growth, Major Challenges, Policy
• Responses
• Services: Pattern & Structure of Growth, Major Challenges, Policy
• Responses
• Rural Development – Issues, Challenges & Policy Responses
• Urban Development – Issues, Challenges and Policy Responses.
• Foreign Trade: Structure and Direction, BOP, Flow of Foreign
• Capital, Trade Policies
• Infrastructure Development: Physical and Social; Public-Private
• Partnerships
• Reforms in Land, Labour and Capital Markets
• Centre-State Financial Relations and Finance Commissions of India;
• FRBM
• Poverty, Inequality & Unemployment

Political Theory

Unit 1           

• Political Traditions
• Liberalism
• Conservatism
• Socialism
• Marxism
• Feminism
• Ecologism
• Multiculturalism
• Postmodernism

Political Thought

Unit 2   

• Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, Frantz Fanon, Mao Zedong, John Rawls

Indian Political Thought

Unit 3   

• Dharamshastra, Kautilya, Aggannasutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekanand, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N.Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, J L Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya

Comparative Political Analysis

Unit 4    

• Approaches: Institutional, Political Culture, Political Economy and New Institutionalism; Comparative Methods
• Colonialism and decolonization: forms of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles and decolonization
• Nationalism: European and non-European.
• State theory: debate over the nature of state in capitalist and socialist societies; post-colonial state; welfare state; globalization and nations-states
• Political regimes: democratic (Electoral, Liberal, Majoritarian and Participatory) and non-democratic regimes (Patrimonialism, Bureaucratic authoritarianism,
• Military dictatorship, Totalitarianism, and fascist).
• Constitutions and Constitutionalism: forms of constitutions, rule of law, judicial independence and liberal constitutionalism; emergency powers and crisis of constitutionalism.
• Democratisation: democratic transition and consolidation.
• Development: Underdevelopment, Dependency, Modernization, World Systems
• Theory, development and democracy.
• Structures of Power: ruling class, power elites, democratic elitism
• Actor and Processes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties and Party Systems, Interest groups, Social movements, new social movements, Non Governmental
• Organisations (NGOs) and civil society campaigns; Revolutions.

International Relations

Unit 5   

• Approaches to the study of International relations: Idealism, Realism, Structural, Marxism, Neoliberalism, Neorealism, Social Constructivism, Critical International
• Theory, Feminism, Postmodernism 
• Concepts: State, state system and non-state actors, Power, Sovereignty, Security: traditional and non-traditional
• Conflict and Peace: Changing Nature of Warfare; Weapons of mass destruction; deterrence; conflict resolution, conflict transformation
• United Nations: Aims, Objectives, Structure, and Evaluation of the Working of UN; Peace and Development perspectives; Humanitarian intervention. International law; International Criminal Court
• Political Economy of IR; Globalisation; Global governance and Bretton Woods system, North-South Dialogue, WTO, G-20, BRICS
• Regional Organisations: European Union, African Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ASEAN
• Contemporary Challenges: International terrorism, Climate change and Environmental Concerns, Human Rights, Migration and Refugees; Poverty and Development; Role of Religion, Culture and Identity Politics

India’s Foreign Policy

Unit 6   

• Perspectives on India’s Foreign Policy: India’s Identity as postcolonial, development, rising power, and as emerging political economy
• Continuity and change in India’s Foreign Policy: Principles and determinants; Non-Alignment movement: historical background and relevance of Non Aligned
• Movement; India’s Nuclear Policy India’s relations with major powers: USA, USSR/Russia, People’s Republic of China
• India’s Engagement with the multipolar world: India’s relations with European Union, BRICS, ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Gulf Cooperation Council
• India’s relations with neighbourhood: SAARC, Gujaral doctrine, Look East/ Act East, Look WestIndia’s Negotiation Strategies in International Regimes: The United Nations, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• Contemporary challenges: maritime security, energy security, environmental security, migrants and refugees, water resources, international terrorism, cyber security

Political Institutions in India

Unit 7    

• Making of the Indian Constitution: Colonialism heritage and the contribution Indian National Movement to the making of the Indian Constitution
• Constituent Assembly: Composition, Ideological Moorings, Constitutional Debates
• Philosophy of the Constitution: Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles
• Constitutionalism in India: Democracy, Social Change, National Unity, Checks and Balances, Basic Structure Debate, Constitutional Amendments
• Union Executive: President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
• Union Parliament: Structure, Role and Functioning, Parliamentary Committees
• Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Court, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism, Judicial Reform.
• Executive and Legislature in the States: Governor, Chief Minister, State Legislature
• Federalism in India: Strong Centre Framework, Asymmetrical Federal Provisions and Adaption, Role of Intergovernmental Coordination Mechanisms, Inter-State
• Council, Emerging Trends
• Electoral Process and Election Commission of India: Conduct of Elections, Rules, Electoral Reforms
• Local Government Institutions: Functioning and reforms
• Constitutional and Statutory Bodies: Comptroller and Auditor General, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Minorities

Political Processes in India

Unit 8    

• State, Economy and Development: Nature of Indian State, Development Planning model, New Economic Policy, Growth and Human Development
• Process of globalisation: social and economic implications
• Identity Politics: Religion, Tribe, Caste, Region, Language
• Social Movements: Dalit, Tribal, Women, Farmers, labour
• Civil Society Groups: Non-Party Social Formations, Non-Governmental Organisations, Social Action Groups
• Regionalisation of Indian Politics: Reorganisation of Indian States, States as Political and Economic Units, Sub-State Regions, Regional disparities, Demand
• for the New States
• Gender and Politics in India: Issues of Equality and Representation
• Ideology and Social basis of Political Parties: National Parties, State Parties
• Electoral Politics: Participation, Contestation, Representation, Emerging trends

Public Administration

Unit 9   

• Public Administration: meaning and evolution; public and private administration
• Approaches: System Theory, Decision Making, Ecological Approach
• Public administration theories and concepts: Scientific Management Theory, Rational Choice theory, New Public Administration, Development Administration, Comparative Public Administration, New Public Management, changing nature of Public Administration in the era of liberalisation and Globalisation
• Theories and Principles of Organization: Scientific Management Theory, Bureaucratic Theory, Human Relations Theory 
• Managing the organization: Theories of leadership and motivation
• Organisational Communication: Theories and Principles, Chester Bernard Principles of Communication, Information Management in the organization
• Managing Conflict in the Organization: Mary Parker Follett
• Management by Objectives- Peter Drucker

Governance and Public Policy in India

           Unit 10                    

• Governance, good governance and democratic governance, role of state, civil society and individuals
• Accountability and control: Institutional mechanism for checks and balances, legislative control over the executive, administrative and budgetary control, control through parliamentary committees, judicial control over legislature and executive, administrative culture, corruption and administrative reforms
• Institutional mechanisms for good governance: Right to Information, Consumer Protection Act, Citizen Charter; Grievance redress system: Ombudsman, Lokpal, Lokayukta
• Grassroots Governance: Panchayati Raj Institutions and their functioning
• Planning and Development: Decentralised planning, planning for development, sustainable development, participatory development, e-governance; NITI Aayog
• Public policy as an instrument of socio-economic development: public policies with special reference to housing, health, drinking water, food security, MNREGA, NHRM, RTE
• Monitoring and evaluation of public policy; mechanisms of making governance process accountable: jansunwai, social audit

Emergence of Psychology 

Psychological testing

Biological basis of behaviour

Research Methodology and Statistics

Attention, Perception, Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Thinking, Intelligence and Creativity

Personality, Motivation, emotion, stress and coping

Social Psychology

Human Development and Interventions

Emerging Areas

Unit 1

Business Environment and International Business

Unit 2

Accounting and Auditing

Unit 3 

Business Economics

Unit 4 

Business Finance

Unit 5

Business Statistics and Research Methods

Unit 6

Business Management and Human Resource Management

Unit 7 

Banking and Financial Institutions

Unit 8 

Marketing Management

Unit 9

Legal Aspects of Business

Unit 10

Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

Unit 1

Educational Studies

Unit 2

History, Politics and Economics of Education

Unit 3 

Learner and Learning Process

Unit 4 

Teacher Education

Unit 5

Curriculum Studies

Unit 6

Research in Education

Unit 7 

Pedagogy, Andragogy and Assessment 

Unit 8 

Technology in/ for Education

Unit 9

Educational Management, Administration and Leadership

Unit 10   

Inclusive Education

Unit 1

Introduction to Public Administration

Unit 2

Administrative Thought

Unit 3 

Indian Administration

Unit 4 

State & Local Administration

Unit 5

Comparative and Development Administration

Unit 6

Economic and Financial Administration

Unit 7 

Social Welfare Administration

Unit 8 

Public Policy

Unit 9

Governance and Good Governance

Unit 10   

Research Methodology

Unit 1

• Management – Concept, Process, Theories and Approaches, Management Roles and Skills
• Functions – Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Coordinating and Controlling.
• Communication – Types, Process and Barriers.
• Decision Making – Concept, Process, Techniques and Tools
• Organisation Structure and Design – Types, Authority, Responsibility,
• Centralisation, Decentralisation and Span of Control
• Managerial Economics – Concept & Importance
• Demand analysis – Utility Analysis, Indifference Curve, Elasticity & Forecasting
• Market Structures – Market Classification & Price Determination
• National Income – Concept, Types and Measurement
• Inflation – Concept, Types and Measurement
• Business Ethics & CSR
• Ethical Issues & Dilemma
• Corporate Governance
• Value-Based Organisation

Unit 2

• Organisational Behaviour – Significance & Theories
• Individual Behaviour – Personality, Perception, Values, Attitude, Learning and
• Motivation
• Group Behaviour – Team Building, Leadership, Group Dynamics
• Interpersonal Behaviour & Transactional Analysis
• Organizational Culture & Climate
• Work Force Diversity & Cross Culture Organisational Behaviour
• Emotions and Stress Management
• Organisational Justice and Whistle Blowing
• Human Resource Management – Concept, Perspectives, Influences and
• Recent Trends
• Human Resource Planning, Recruitment and Selection, Induction, Training
• and Development
• Job Analysis, Job Evaluation and Compensation Management

Unit 3   

• Strategic Role of Human Resource Management
• Competency Mapping & Balanced Scoreboard
• Career Planning and Development
• Performance Management and Appraisal
• Organization Development, Change & OD Interventions
• Talent Management & Skill Development
• Employee Engagement & Work Life Balance
• Industrial Relations: Disputes & Grievance Management, Labour Welfare and Social Security
• Trade Union & Collective Bargaining
• International Human Resource Management – HR Challenge of International Business
• Green HRM

Unit 4 

• Accounting Principles and Standards, Preparation of Financial Statements
• Financial Statement Analysis – Ratio Analysis, Funds Flow and Cash Flow
• Analysis, DuPont Analysis
• Preparation of Cost Sheet, Marginal Costing, Cost Volume Profit Analysis
• Standard Costing & Variance Analysis
• Financial Management, Concept & Functions
• Capital Structure – Theories, Cost of Capital, Sources and Finance
• Budgeting and Budgetary Control, Types and Process, Zero base Budgeting
• Leverages – Operating, Financial and Combined Leverages, EBIT–EPS
• Analysis, Financial Breakeven Point & Indifference Level.

Unit 5

• Value & Returns – Time Preference for Money, Valuation of Bonds and Shares,
• Risk and Returns;
• Capital Budgeting – Nature of Investment, Evaluation, Comparison of Methods;
• Risk and Uncertainly Analysis
• Dividend – Theories and Determination
• Mergers and Acquisition – Corporate Restructuring, Value Creation, Merger
• Negotiations, Leveraged Buyouts, Takeover
• Portfolio Management – CAPM, APT
• Derivatives – Options, Option Payoffs, Option Pricing, Forward Contracts &
• Future Contracts
• Working Capital Management – Determinants, Cash, Inventory, Receivables and
• Payables Management, Factoring
• International Financial Management, Foreign exchange market

Unit 6

• Strategic Management – Concept, Process, Decision & Types
• Strategic Analysis – External Analysis, PEST, Porter’s Approach to industry analysis, Internal Analysis – Resource Based Approach, Value Chain Analysis
• Strategy Formulation – SWOT Analysis, Corporate Strategy – Growth, Stability,
• Retrenchment, Integration and Diversification, Business Portfolio Analysis - BCG, GE Business Model, Ansoff’s Product Market Growth Matrix
• Strategy Implementation – Challenges of Change, Developing Programs
• Mckinsey 7s Framework
• Marketing – Concept, Orientation, Trends and Tasks, Customer Value and Satisfaction
• Market Segmentation, Positioning and Targeting
• Product and Pricing Decision – Product Mix, Product Life Cycle, New Product
• development, Pricing – Types and Strategies
• Place and promotion decision – Marketing channels and value networks, VMS,
• IMC, Advertising and Sales promotion 

Unit 7 

• Consumer and Industrial Buying Behaviour: Theories and Models of Consumer Behaviour
• Brand Management – Role of Brands, Brand Equity, Equity Models, Developing a Branding Strategy; Brand Name Decisions, Brand Extensions and Loyalty
• Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Drivers, Value creation, Supply Chain
• Design, Designing and Managing Sales Force, Personal Selling
• Service Marketing – Managing Service Quality and Brands, Marketing Strategies of Service Firms
• Customer Relationship Marketing – Relationship Building, Strategies, Values and Process
• Retail Marketing – Recent Trends in India, Types of Retail Outlets.
• Emerging Trends in Marketing – Concept of e-Marketing, Direct Marketing,
• Digital Marketing and Green Marketing
• International Marketing – Entry Mode Decisions, Planning Marketing Mix for International Markets

Unit 8 

• Statistics for Management: Concept, Measures Of Central Tendency and
• Dispersion, Probability Distribution – Binominal, Poison, Normal and Exponential
• Data Collection & Questionnaire Design
• Sampling – Concept, Process and Techniques
• Hypothesis Testing – Procedure; T, Z, F, Chi-square tests
• Correlation and Regression Analysis
• Operations Management – Role and Scope
• Facility Location and Layout – Site Selection and Analysis, Layout – Design and Process
• Enterprise Resource Planning – ERP Modules, ERP implementation
• Scheduling; Loading, Sequencing and Monitoring
• Quality Management and Statistical Quality Control, Quality Circles, Total Quality
• Management – KAIZEN, Benchmarking, Six Sigma; ISO 9000 Series Standards
• Operation Research – Transportation, Queuing Decision Theory, PERT / CPM

Unit 9

• Foreign Direct Investment – Benefits and Costs
• Multilateral regulation of Trade and Investment under WTO
• International Trade Procedures and Documentation; EXIM Policies
• Role of International Financial Institutions – IMF and World Bank
• Information Technology – Use of Computers in Management Applications; MIS, DSS
• Artificial Intelligence and Big Data
• Data Warehousing, Data Mining and Knowledge Management – Concepts
• Managing Technological Change
• International Business – Managing Business in Globalization Era; Theories of International Trade; Balance of payment

Unit 10       

• Entrepreneurship Development – Concept, Types, Theories and Process,
• Developing Entrepreneurial Competencies
• Intrapreneurship – Concept and Process
• Women Entrepreneurship and Rural Entrepreneurship
• Innovations in Business – Types of Innovations, Creating and Identifying
• Opportunities, Screening of Business Ideas
• Business Plan and Feasibility Analysis – Concept and Process of Technical,
• Market and Financial Analysis
• Micro and Small Scale Industries in India; Role of Government in Promoting SSI
• Sickness in Small Industries – Reasons and Rehabilitation
• Institutional Finance to Small Industries – Financial Institutions, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks, Micro Finance.

Unit 1

Drama

Unit 2

Poetry

Unit 3 

Fiction, short story

Unit 4 

Non-Fictional Prose

Unit 5

Language: Basic concepts, theories and pedagogy. English in Use

Unit 6

English in India: history, evolution and futures

Unit 7 

Cultural Studies

Unit 8 

Literary Criticism

Unit 9

Literary Theory post World War II

Unit 10   

Research Methods and Materials in English

Geomorphology 

Unit 1

• Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces. Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck), Theories and Process of Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches) 

Climatology

Unit 2

• Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate. 

Oceanography 

Unit 3 

• Relief of Oceans, Composition: Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone 

Geography of Environment 

Unit 4 

• Components: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)

Population and Settlement Geography

Unit 5

• Population Geography: Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data reliability and errors). World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences and models), Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and Geographical levels), Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries.
• Settlement Geography: Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution), Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements ( rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems ( the law of the primate city and rank-size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch), Internal Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman, and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring and satellite towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion)

Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development 

Unit 6

• Economic Geography: Factors affecting the spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary), Natural Resources (classification, distribution and associated problems), and Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries.
• Agricultural Geography: Land capability classification and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop diversification, Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning. Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural Productivity, Agricultural Systems of the World.
• Industrial Geography: Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith). World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalisation on the manufacturing sector in Less Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World Distribution and growth of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Geography and R & D) Industries.
• Geography of Transport and Trade: Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants, World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade.
• Regional Development: Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, Theories of Regional Development(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, Regional Development and Social Movements in India.

Cultural, Social and Political Geography

Unit 7 

• Cultural and Social Geography: Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Ecology. Cultural Convergence, Social Structure and Processes, Social Well-being and Quality of Life, Social Exclusion, Spatial distribution of social groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language), Environment and Human Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification and spatial and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India) Health Care Planning and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India.

• Political Geography: Boundaries and Frontiers (with special reference to India), Heartland and Rimland Theories. Trends and Developments in Political Geography, Geography of Federalism, Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral Behaviour, Geopolitics of Climate Change, Geopolitics of World Resources, Geo-politics of India Ocean, Regional Organisations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU). Geopolitics of World Natural Resources.

Geographic Thought 

Unit 8 

• Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars, Contributions of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Schaefer & Hartshorne), Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought. Contemporary trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions. Major Geographic Traditions (Earth Science, man environment relationship, area studies and spatial analysis), Dualisms in Geographic Studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic), Paradigm Shift, Perspectives in Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism and Postmodernism).

Geographical Techniques

Unit 9

• Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial), Types of Maps, Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, Flow Maps) Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams and Line Graph, GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats). Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections and Datum), GIS Applications ( thematic cartography, spatial decision support system), Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry), Types of Aerial Photographs, Digital Image Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing and its applications in Natural Resources Management in India, GPS Components (space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications, Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities, Sampling, Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, t test, ANOVA), Time Series Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analysis, Measurement of Indices, Making Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index, Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis, Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph.

Geography of India

Unit 10                                                                                                                     

• Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics; Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular), Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (mechanism and characteristics), Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere, Types and Distribution of Natural Resources: Soil, Vegetation, Water, Mineral and Marine Resources. Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, sex, occupational, Geographyal, ethnic and religious), Determinants of Population, Population Policies in India, Agriculture ( Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional Variations in Agricultural Development, Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting Indian Agriculture; Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food. Industrial Development since Independence, Industrial Regions and their characteristics, Industrial Policies in India. Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines), Internal and External Trade (trend, composition and directions), Regional Development Planning in India, Globalisation and its impact on the Indian Economy, Natural Disasters in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland Hazards and Disasters.)

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+2 Marks 

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