PhD Entrance Exam Syllabus 2026 [Subjects & University Wise]

Universities 

Fees 

Golden Gate University 

INR 8,14,000

Rushford Business School

INR 8,12,500

ESGCI International School of Management Paris 

INR 8,14,000

PhD Subjects

Entrance Exam Syllabus

Life Sciences

• Life Sciences (Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Immunology at postgraduate level)
• Physics/Chemistry (undergraduate level)
• Mathematics, Computer & Information Sciences (10+2 level)

Mathematics

• Real series analysis
• Statistics and probability
• Modern Algebra and Matrix Theory
• Theory of Equation
• Numerical analysis
• Differential equations
• Calculus and analytic geometry
• Trigonometry 

Basic Engineering and Technology

• Basic Engineering & Technology (of undergraduate level)
• Fundamental Life Sciences and Informatics (10+2 level)
• Physics/Chemistry/Mathematics at undergraduate level)

Computer Information Science

• Representation of characters
• Binary and hexadecimal representations etc.
• The organization of a computer
• Floating-point representation of numbers
• Data structures
• Fundamentals of Computer

Political Science

• Research Methodology
• Political Theory & Thought
• India: State and Society
• Globalization and International Relations
• Democracy in India

Economics

• Microeconomics
• Macroeconomics
• Development and Planning
• Mathematical and Statistical Methods
• Public Economics
• International Economics

Psychology

• Introduction to research in psychology,
• Industrial and Organizational Psychology
• Counselling Psychology
• Clinical Psychology

Research Methodology 

• The literature review
• Collection and analysis of data
• Information sources
• References 
• Scientific writing

Mathematical Tools for Research in Computer Science (part of Research Methodology) 

• Algebra
• Linear Algebra
• Calculus
• Geometry
• Vector Calculus
• Real Analysis
• Probability and Statistics

English Comprehension 

• Correct usage of English language and reading Comprehension. 

Computer Science (Subject Specific)

• Discrete Structures
• Programming, Data Structures and Algorithms
• Computer System Architecture
• Operating Systems
• DBMS and File Structures
• Computer Networks

PhD Subjects

Entrance Exam Syllabus

Ph.D. Anthropology

• Anthropology and Methods of Research
• Physical Anthropology
• Social Anthropology
• Archaeological Anthropology

Ph.D. Political Science

• Research Methodology
• Political Theory & Thought
• India: State and Society
• Globalization and International Relations

Ph.D. Chemistry

• Part A: – Research Methodology
• Part B: –
• I: Inorganic Chemistry
• II: Physical Chemistry
• III. Organic Chemistry

Ph.D. Geology

• Research Methodology
• Discipline Specific Courses

Subjects

Details

Emergence of Psychology

• Psychological thought in some major Eastern Systems
• Western
• Essential aspects of knowledge paradigms

Biological basis of behavior

• Sensory systems
• Neurons
• The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
• Methods of Physiological Psychology
• Muscular and Glandular system
• Biological basis of Motivation
• Biological basis of emotion
• Biological basis of emotion

Research Methodology and Statistics

• Research: Meaning, Purpose, and Dimensions
• Paradigms of research
• Regression
• Factor analysis
• Experimental Designs
• Statistics in Psychology
• Correlational Analysis
• Special Correlation Methods

Psychological testing

• Types of tests
• Test construction
• Test standardization
• Areas of testing
• Attitude scales
• Applications of psychological testing in various settings

Attention, Perception, Learning, Memory and Forgetting

Subjects

Details

State, Politics and Development

• Political Processes in India
• Social Movements and Protests

Economy and Society

• Exchange, Gift , Capital, Labour and Market Mode of Production Debates
• Property and Property Relations
• State and Market: Welfarism and Neoliberalism
• Models of Economic Development
• Poverty and Exclusion
• Factory and Industry Systems

Sociological Theory

• Classical Sociological Traditions
• Structure- Functionalism and Structuralism
• Hermeneutic and Interpretative Traditions
• Post Modernism, Post Structuralism and Post Colonialism
• Indian Thinkers

Research Methodology and Methods

• Conceptualizing Social Reality
• Formulating Research Design
• Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
• Techniques

Basic Concepts and Institutions

• Sociological Concepts
• Social Institutions
• Social Stratification
• Social Change and Processes

Rural and Urban Transformations

• Rural and Peasant Society
• Urban Society

Environment and Society

• Gender and Environment
• Forest Policies, Adivasis and Exclusion Ecological Degradation and Migration
• Social and Cultural Ecology: Diverse Forms Technological Change,
• Agriculture and Biodiversity
• Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Ethno-Medicine

Family, Marriage and Kinship

• Theoretical Approaches
• Gender Relations and Power Dynamics Inheritance
• Succession and Authority
• Gender, Sexuality and Reproduction Children, Youth and Elderly
• Emotions and Family
• Emergent Forms of Family

Science, Technology and Society

• History of Technological Development Changing notions of Time and Space
• Flows and Boundaries 6
• Virtual Community
• Media: Print and Electronic, Visual and Social Media
• E-Governance and Surveillance Society Technology and Emerging Political Processes State Policy, Digital Divide and Inclusion

Culture and Symbolic Transformations

• Signs and Symbols
• Rituals, Beliefs and Practices
• Changing Material Culture
• Moral Economy
• Education: Formal and Informal
• Religious Organizations, Piety and Spirituality Commodification of Rituals
• Communalism and Secularism
• Cultural Identity and Mobilization
• Culture and Politics Gender, Body and Culture

Unit Number

Subjects

Unit-1

• History, development, aim and scope of Anthropology, relationship with other sciences, different branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship.
• Research methodology and methods
• Techniques of Analysis

Unit-2

• Trends in Primate radiation
• Lamarckism,
• Extant Primates
• Fossils of extinct Primates
• Hominid Evolution

Unit-3

• Modern Human Variation
• Ethnic Classification and distribution of Indian Populations
• Methods of studying Human Genetics:
• Modes of inheritance
• Population genetics
• Molecular genetics

Unit-4

• Human Growth, development and maturation
• Methods of studying human growth
• Body composition
• Human Adaptation
• Somatotyping
• Demography

Unit-5

• Concept of prehistoric archaeology
• Dating
• Paleoenvironment
• Lithic tool typology and technology
• Overview of Lithic Cultures of Europe
• Early Farming Cultures and Neolithic of the Near East

Unit-6

• Lower Palaeolithic Period in India
• Middle Palaeolithic period in India
• Upper Palaeolithic period in India
• Mesolithic period in India
• Neolithic Period in India
• Prehistoric Cave art from India
• Pottery and Traditions
• Bronze/Copper Age

Unit-7

• Conceptual Understanding of Social Anthropology
• Culture
• Society
• Social Institutions
• Family
• Marriage
• Kinship
• Economic Anthropology

Unit-8

• Evolutionism
• Historical Particularism
• Functionalism
• Structural functionalism
• Structuralism
• Culture and Personality/Psychological Anthropology
• Symbolic Anthropology –
• Cognitive Anthropology
• Deep Ethnography, Interpretive Anthropology
• Anthropology and Gender
• Ethnicity

Unit-9

• Stages in the Development of Indian Anthropology
• Theoretical ideas
• Early Indian Anthropologists and Their Contributions

Unit-10

• Concepts and Theories:
• Applied Anthropology
• Action Anthropology
• Engaged Anthropology
• Experimental Anthropology
• Urban Anthropology
• Public Anthropology
• Public Archaeology
• Anthropology of Development
• Medical Anthropology
• Visual Anthropology

Unit Number

Subjects

Unit-1

• Negotiating the Sources
• Pastoralism and Food production
• Indus/Harappa Civilization
• Vedic and later Vedic periods
• Expansion of State system

Unit-2

• From State to Empire
• Dissolution of Empire and Emergence of Regional Powers
• Gupta Vakataka age
• Harsha and his Times

Unit-3

• Emergence of Regional Kingdoms
• Kingdoms in South India
• Kingdoms in Eastern India
• Kingdoms in Western India
• Kingdoms in North India
• Characteristics of Early Medieval India
• Agrarian economy
• Trade and urbanization
• Growth of Brahminical religions
• Society
• Education and Educational Institutions

Unit-4

• Source of Medieval Indian History
• Political Developments
• Foundation of the Mughal Empire
• The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis
• Rise of the Marathas & the foundation of Swaraj by Shivaji

Unit-5

• Administration & Economy
• Sher Shah’s Administrative Reforms
• Administrative System in the Deccan –
• Inter-State Relations during the Sultanate and the Mughals
• Agricultural Production and Irrigation System
• Industries
• Trade and Commerce
• Hundi (Bills of Exchange) and Insurance

Unit-6

• Society and Culture
• The Sufis – Their Orders, Beliefs and Practices
• Bhakti Movement – Shaivism; Vaishnavism, Shaktism.
• The Saints of the Medieval Period
• The Sikh Movement
• Social Classification
• Rural society
• Position of Women
• Development of Education
• Fine Arts
• Art and Architecture
• Indo-Arabic Architecture

Unit-7

• Sources of Modern Indian History
• Rise of British Power
• Establishment and Expansion of British Dominion in India.
• British Relations with Principal Indian States
• Revolt of 1857, Causes, Nature and Impact.
• Administration of the Company and the Crown
• Local Self-Government
• Constitutional Changes, 1909 – 1935.

Unit-8

• Colonial Economy
• Expansion and Commercialization of Agriculture
• Decline of Industries
• British Industrial Policy
• Monetary Policy, Banking, Currency and Exchange
• Growth of New Urban Centres
• Famines, Epidemics and the Government Policy.
• Indian Society in Transition
• The New Education
• Indian Renaissance

Unit-9

• Rise of Indian Nationalism
• Birth of Indian National Congress;
• Swadeshi and Swaraj.
• Gandhian Mass Movements;
• Left Wing Politics.
• Depressed Class Movement.
• Communal Politics; Muslim League and Genesis of Pakistan.
• The Structure of Bureaucracy
• Economic Policies and the Planning Process; Development, Displacement and Tribal Issues.
• Foreign Policy Initiatives
• Linguistic Reorganisation of States; Centre-State Relations.

Unit-10

• Scope and Importance of History
• Objectivity and Bias in History
• Heuristics Operation,
• Criticism in History,
• Synthesis and Presentation History and its Auxiliary Sciences
• History a Science, Arts or a Social Science
• Causation and Imagination in History Significance of Regional History
• Recent Trends in Indian History
• Research Methodology

Subjects

Details

Legal Aspects of Business

• The Competition Act, 2002
• The Information Technology Act, 2000
• The RTI Act, 2005
• Intellectual Property Rights
• Goods and Services TaxIndian Contract Act, 1872
• Special contracts
• Sale of Goods Act, 1930
• Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
• The Companies Act, 2013
• Limited Liability Partnership

Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

• Income-tax
• International Taxation

Business Environment and International Business

• Concepts and elements of business environment
• Scope and importance of international business
• Theories of international trade
• Foreign direct investment
• Balance of payments
• Regional Economic Integration
• International Economic institutions
• World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Accounting and Auditing

• Basic accounting principles; concepts and postulates
• Partnership Accounts
• Corporate Accounting
• Holding company accounts
• Cost and Management Accounting
• Financial Statements Analysis
• Human Resources Accounting
• Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS
• Auditing
• Recent Trends in Auditing

Accounting and Auditing

• Meaning and scope of business economics
• Objectives of business firms
• Demand analysis
• Consumer behavior
• Law of Variable Proportions
• Theory of cost
• Price determination under different market forms
• Pricing strategies

Business Finance

• Scope and sources of finance; Lease financing
• Cost of capital and time value of money Capital structure
• Capital budgeting decisions
• Working capital management
• Risk and return analysis
• International monetary system
• Foreign exchange market
• International financial markets and instruments
• Multinational capital budgeting

Business Statistics and Research Methods

• Measures of central tendency
• Measures of dispersion
• Measures of skewness
• Correlation and regression of two variables
• Probability
• Probability distributions
• Research
• Data
• Sampling and estimation
• Hypothesis testing
• Report writing

Business Management and Human Resource Management

• Principles and functions of management
• Organization structure
• Responsibility and authority
• Motivation and leadership
• Corporate governance and business ethics
• Human resource management
• Compensation management
• Personality
• Organizational Culture

Banking and Financial Institutions

• Overview of the Indian financial system
• Types of banks
• Reserve Bank of India
• Banking sector reforms in India
• Financial markets
• Financial Institutions
• Financial Regulators in India
• Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion
• Digitisation of banking and other financial services
• Insurance

Marketing Management

• Marketing
• Product decisions
• Pricing decisions
• Promotion decisions
• Distribution decisions
• Service marketing
• Trends in marketing
• Logistics management

Subjects

Details

Archaeological Anthropology

• Introduction to Archaeological Anthropology
• Tool types and techniques in Archaeology
• Geological Framework
• Dating Methods
• Lithic Cultures

Anthropology and Methods of Research

• Introducing Anthropology
• Data Collection Techniques
• Field Work Tradition in Anthropology Research Design

Physical Anthropology

• Introduction to Physical Anthropology
• Human Evolution
• Primate Study
• Biological Diversity
• Human Genetics
• Human Growth and Development
• Ecological Anthropology

Social Anthropology

• Introduction to Social Anthropology
• Religion
• Society and Culture
• Anthropological Theories
• Kinship, Marriage and Family

Subjects

Details

Organic Chemistry

• IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio- and stereoisomers
• Principles of stereochemistry
• Organic reactive intermediates
• Organic reaction mechanisms
• Asymmetric synthesis
• Pericyclic reactions
• Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (O, N, S).
• Chemistry of natural products
• Structure determination of organic compounds
• Common named reactions and rearrangements – applications in organic synthesis
• Organic transformations and reagents
• Concepts in organic synthesis

Research Methodology

• Objectives of research
• Research Methods versus Research Methodology
• Types of research
• Literature Review
• Research design
• Formulating Research Problem
• Collection and Analysis of Data
• Data Analysis with Statistical Packages
• Ethical Issues in Research

Inorganic Chemistry

• Chemical periodicity
• Structure and bonding in homo- and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules (VSEPR Theory).
• Concepts of acids and bases
• Cages and metal clusters
• Analytical chemistry- separation, spectroscopic, electro- and thermoanalytical methods.
• Bioinorganic chemistry
• Characterization of inorganic compounds
• Nuclear chemistry
• Main group elements and their compounds:
• Transition elements and coordination compounds
• Inner transition elements
• Organometallic compounds

Physical Chemistry

• Basic principles of quantum mechanics
• Approximate methods of quantum mechanics
• Atomic structure and spectroscopy:
• Chemical bonding
• Chemical applications of group theory
• Molecular spectroscopy
• Chemical thermodynamics
• Statistical thermodynamics.
• Electrochemistry
• Chemical kinetics
• Colloids and surfaces
• Solid state
• Polymer chemistry
• Data analysis

Subjects

Details

Globalization and International Relations

• Major theories of IR International Peace and Cooperation
• India in the Emerging World Order
• International Political Economy

Research Methodology

• Methodology/Framework
• Research Methods

Political Theory & Thought

• Introduction to Political Theory
• modern Concepts

India: State and Society

• Introduction
• Indian State
• Social Movements
• Democracy in India

Subjects

Details

Geology Courses

• Physical Geology and Geomorphology
• Structural Geology and Tectonics
• Stratigraphy and Palaeontology
• Mineralogy
• Petrology
• Georesources and Economic Geology
• Geochemistry
• Applied Geology

Research Methodology

• Definition, outcome, and importance of geological research
• Identifying and defining the research problem
• Preparation and planning for fieldwork
• Data collection
• Thin section preparation
• Intellectual property rights, patents, copyright, etc.

Subjects

Details

Life Sciences

• Cell & Molecular Biology
• Genetics & Molecular Evolution
• Ecology
• Microbiology
• Animal Developmental Biology
• Plant Diversity
• Plant Diversity-II
• Plant Physiology
• Plant Developmental Biology
• Immunology
• Biochemistry
• Biophysics
• Biostatistics
• Animal Diversity
• Animal Physiology

Research Methodology

• Research Methodology: An Introduction
• Defining the Research Problem:
• Research Design
• Issues in The Design and Conduct of Selected Research Designs
• Issues in The Design
• Measurement and Scaling Techniques
• Methods of Data Collection
• Processing and Analysis of Data
• Sampling Fundamentals
• Testing of Hypotheses
• Chi-square Test
• Analysis of Variance and Covariance

Subjects

Details 

Algebra

• Prerequisites and Preliminaries
• The Structure of Groups
• Rings
• Fields and Galois Theory
• Linear Algebra

Real Analysis

• Sequences and series of functions
• Functions of several variables
• Lebesgue outer measure
• Integration of Non-negative functions.
• Measures and outer measures, Extension of a measure

Topology

• Countable and uncountable sets
• Definition and examples of topological spaces
• Neighbourhoods. Interior, exterior and boundary
• Continuous functions and homomorphism, compactness
• Equivalence of compactness,, etc.

Functional Analysis

• Normed linear spaces
• Reflexive space.
• Inner product spaces.
• Reflexivity of Hibert spaces.

Differential Equations

• Preliminaries
• Linear Differential Equations-Linear Systems
• Dependence on initial conditions and parameters
• Linear second order equations-Preliminaries.
• Second-order Boundary value problems-Linear problems

Partial Differential Equations

• Transport Equation-Initial value Problem
• Heat Equation-Fundamental Solution, Mean Value Formula
• Nonlinear First Order PDE-Complete Integrals
• Representation of Solutions-Separation of Variables

Details 

Subjects 

Research Methodology

• Theory of Research
• Research Process
• Analysis of Data

Accounting & Taxation ACCOUNTING

• Accounting: Information for Decision Making
• Presentation and Reporting of Accounting Information
• Statement of Cash Flows
• Financial Statement Analysis
• Accounting Standards
• Global Business and Accounting
• Management Accounting
• Costing System and Analysis
• Responsibility Accounting

Taxation

• General Framework of Direct Taxation in India
• Tax Planning
• Tax Management
• Indirect Taxes:
• Central Excise
• Custom
• Service Tax
• Tax Planning and Management

International Business

• Basics of International Business Environment
• Balance of Payments
• Government Influence on Trade
• Cross Cultural Management
• Introduction to Globalization
• International Investment
• Transnational Corporations

Banking and Finance

• Commercial Banks
• Banking Sectoral Reforms
• Basic Banking Services
• Credit concepts
• Documentation
• Recent Developments
• Credit Rating in India

Marketing Management

• Defining Marketing for the 21st Century
• Marketing Decisions
• Marketing research
• Emerging Trends in Marketing

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management

• Entrepreneurship and
• economic development
• Creativity and Innovation in Business
• Enterprise creation
• Enterprise Management
• Micro business development
• New Age entrepreneurship

Details 

Subjects

Subject Specific Areas

• Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Education
• Learner, Learning Process and Assessment
• Educational Guidance and Counselling
• Teacher Education
• Adult Education
• Curriculum Studies
• Educational Management, Administration and Leadership
• Educational Technology and ICT
• Inclusive Education

Methodology of Educational Research

• Sources of acquiring Knowledge, Meaning and Scope of Educational Research
• Criteria and sources of identifying the research problem
• Hypotheses
• Variables
• Tools and techniques of data collection
• Major Approaches to Educational Research

Feminist Research Methodologies

• What is research?
• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research
• Research in the Humanities and Cultural Studies
• Feminisms and Gender Studies I
• Feminism and Gender Studies II

Concepts And Theries In Women’s Studies

• Introducing Women’s studies
• Some Key concepts
• Political Economy, State and Citizenship
• Discrimination, Intersectional ties and Group Identities
• Women, Gender and the Family/Household
• Culture and Representation
• Interrogating Feminisms
• Concepts/Languages and Translation

Research Methods and Techniques

• Introduction to Social Science Research
• Types of Research
• Sources of Data
• Techniques of Data Collection
• Ethnography
• Sampling
• Research Design
• Analysis and Interpretation of Data Quantitative Methods
• Ethics in Research

Introduction to Interdisciplinary and Trans disciplinary Studies

• Knowledge Production and Emergence of Disciplines
• Disciplinary Approaches
• Interdisciplinary Studies
• Areas of Interdisciplinary Inquiry
• Emerging Issues and Challenges
• Areas of Interdisciplinary Inquiry

Subject Areas

• Environmental Chemistry
• Environmental Biotechnology
• Environmental Geomicrobiology
• Environmental management
• Natural resource management
• Climate change
• Sustainability Science

Research Methodology

• Meaning of Research
• Characteristics and Types of Research
• Hypotheses
• Basic concepts of Techniques of defining research problem
• Ethical, legal, social and scientific issues in Environmental Science Research
• Basic concepts in writing research papers, reports and research proposals
• Role of IPR in Research and Development

Subject Specific

• Tourist/Visitor/Traveler/Excursionist-Definition and Differentiation, Tourism recreation and Leisure inter-relationship
• Concept of resource, Attraction, and product in tourism, Tourism Products
• Accommodation
• Tourism Planning
• Management
• Transportation
• Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Business
• Marketing

Research Methodology

• Theory of Research
• Problem Identification & Formulation
• Research Design
• Qualitative and Quantitative Research
• Measurement
• Sampling
• Data Analysis
• Interpretation of Data and Paper Writing
• Use of tools/techniques for Research

Research Methodology

Foundations of Research

Research Process

• Problem Identification & Formulation
• Research Design
• Qualitative and Quantitative Research
• Measurement
• Sampling
• Data Analysis

Interpretation of Data and Paper Writing –

• Use of Encyclopedias, Research Guides, Handbook etc.
• Use of tools/techniques for Research

Management (Financial Management, Human Resource Management, Marketing Management Operations Management, and General Management)

• Managerial Economics
• The concept and significance of organizational behavior
• Concepts and perspectives in HRM
• Financial Management
• Marketing Environment and Environment Scanning
• Role and Scope of Production Management
• Probability Theory; Probability distributions
• Concept of Corporate Strategy; Components of Strategy Formulation
• Concepts
• Ethics and Management System

Computer Science

• Data Structures and Algorithms
• Theory of Computation and Compilers
• Data Communication and Computer Networks
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Computer System Architecture
• Discrete Structures and Optimization
• Programming Languages and Computer Graphics
• Database Management Systems
• System Software and Operating System
• Software Engineering

Research Methodology

• Sets
• Relations
• Functions, Matrices, and Determinants
• Probability and Statistics
• Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
• Probability Distributions
• Numerical Methods
• Finite Differences
• Numerical Integration

British literature: issues and debates, trends and movements

Diaspora Studies

Contemporary World Literature

American Literature

Multiculturalism

Australian Literature

Subaltern Literary Perspectives

Folklore and Culture Studies

English Language Teaching

Research Methodology

New Literatures in English

Critical Theories

Indian Writing in English

Canadian Literature

Entrance Exam Syllabus 

Research Methodologies 

• Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods Versus Methodology, Research and Scientific Method, Importance of Knowing How Research is Done, Research Process, Criteria of Good Research, Problems Encountered by Researchers in India

Defining the Research Problems

• What is a Research Problem? Selecting The Problem, Necessity of Defining the Problem, Technique Involved in Defining a Problem

Research Design 

• Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design, Important Concepts Relating to Research Design, Different Research Designs, Basic Principles of Experimental Designs 

Publications, Plagiarism,  Intellectual Property rights

• Quality of research work and papers –indexing, impact factor, H Index, citation index Meaning and principles of plagiarism, methods of plagiarism check, plagiarism checking software, Principles of intellectual property rights, patents, copyrights, trademarks and their importance. 

Interpretation and report writing 

• Meaning of Interpretation, Why Interpretation? Technique of Interpretation, Precautions in Interpretation, Significance of Report Writing, Different Steps in Writing Report, Layout of the Research Report, Types of Reports, Oral Presentation, Mechanics of Writing a Research Report, Precautions for Writing Research Reports 

Entrance Exam Syllabus 

Basic Electronics

• PN Junction diode, Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers, PN junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, PIN and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor; FET amplifiers.

Digital Electronics 

• Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR; Boolean algebra, Error detection and correction codes, Karnaugh map, Multiplexers and Demultiplexers, BCD arithmetic circuits, Encoders and Decoders,Flip Flops: S -R, J-K, T, D, master-slave, edge triggered; Switching mode operation of pn junction, D/A and A/D converters

Microprocessor 

• Introduction to microprocessor, 8085/8086 microprocessor:Architecture & Block Diagram; Instruction Set of 8085/8086 microprocessor: data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, branch instructions, looping instructions; The 8255 PPI Chip Architecture; The 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller, The 8237 DMA controller

Digital Signal Processor 

• Discrete-Time Signals, Discrete-Time Systems, Sampling of Time Signals, Digital Filters, Multirate Digital Signal Processing, ADSP 2100, DSP processors, Applications of DSP in: Communications, speech processing, image processing, Biomedical and Radars

Industrial Drives 

• Components of electrical drives; choice of electrical drive; dynamics of electrical drives; calculation of time and energy; loss in transient operations; steady state stability and load equalization. closed loop control phase- locked-loop (PLLl) control; Thermal model of motor heating and cooling; classes of motor duty and motor rating. D.C. motors and induction motors etc. starting;braking and speed control of motors; quadrant drives; types of loads; torque and associated controls used in process industries; choice of motors and relays. Brushless DC motor, Stepper Motor, Switched Reluctance Motor

Power System 

• General layout & main components of thermal power station (in brief). Available hydropower; selection of site for hydroelectric power stations; their classifications; layout and main components (in brief). Nuclear power plants –fission energy; general layout and main components (in brief); waste disposal; types of nuclear reactors (in brief); general lay out and main components (in brief); types of nuclear radiations & their effect

Transmission System 

• Calculations of resistance, inductance, capacitance of a single conductor, multi conductor, single phase and three phase transmission lines; transposition; double circuit lines; skin and proximity effect; Generalized ABCD constants; representation & steady state analysis of short and medium lines; regulation and efficiency; nominal–T and pi circuits; Long line: current – voltage relationship, hyperbolic solution; surge impedance; Surge impedance loading; lumped circuit equivalent representation; Ferranti effect; power flow through a transmission line; reactive power generation / absorption of a line; power transfer capability; shunt and series compensation (in brief). Improvement of power factor of the system using synchronous condensers

Entrance Exam Syllabus 

Research Methodology, Biostatistics, Research Ethics and Publication Ethics

Unit 1: 

• Process of selection of research question including prioritization and feasibility, process of writing a research proposal, scientific writing for thesis and research publications. Review of literature, need for review of literature, primary and secondary sources for review, bibliographic databases, electronic databases, information retrieval, information processing, critical evaluation, organization of materials collected and writing of review, methods of writing references and bibliography. 

Unit-2- 

• Scales of measurement: Basic concepts in response scales, types of scales, categorical scales, nominal scales, ordinal scales and interval or ratio scales, visual analogue scales, Likert scale, composite scales, Guttman scale, combination scores, Criteria for a satisfactory scale, Appropriate selection of scale for measuring a variable, Appropriate use of different statistical procedures for different kinds of scale, Principles and approaches in questionnaire development. Open ended and closed ended questions, Questionnaire validity and reliability.

Unit-3- 

• Measures of disease frequency and association, prevalence, incidence, crude, specific and adjusted (standardized) rates, relative risk, odds ratio, standardized mortality ratios, attributable risk and interpretation of measures of association. Descriptive epidemiological studies: correlational studies, case reports and case series, cross sectional studies, hypothesis formulation from descriptive studies. Case control studies, Design and conduct of case control studies, analysis and interpretation of results, bias in case control studies.

Unit-4- 

• Cohort studies: Types of cohort studies, design and conduct of cohort studies, analysis and interpretation of results, bias in cohort studies, Retrospective cohort studies, Bias in epidemiological studies, Types of bias, control of bias, evaluation of role of bias and confounding, nature of confounding, methods of controlling confounding. Statistical association and cause effect relationship, Evaluation of the presence of valid statistical association, Epidemiological approach to causation, judgment of a causeeffect relationship. 

Unit-5- 

• Interventional studies, Types of interventional studies, design and conduct of randomized controlled trials, blinding in randomized controlled studies, analysis and interpretation of results. Nonrandomized studies, Drug discovery and evaluation: Historical approaches in drug discovery, pharmacological approaches of modern medicine, new approaches in drug discovery, pharmacological evaluation of acute, sub acute, chronic toxicity studies, pharmacological evaluation methods, and OECD guidelines. 

Unit-6- 

• Sources of data, Presentation and summarization of data, qualitative or discrete data, Quantitative or continuous data, Types of variables, Dependent and independent variables, Selection of 2 variables, Clarifying variables, data presentation, tables, Frequency distribution drawings charts and diagrams. Measures of central tendency and location, Mean, median, mode, position average, and percentile. Measures of dispersion, Range, inter-quartile range, mean deviation, standard deviation and coefficient of variation.

Unit-7- 

• Probability: Probability scale, measurement of probability, laws of probability for independent events, conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem. Additional law of probability, Multiplication law of probability, Probability distribution, Probability chance from shape of normal distribution or normal curve, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, normal distribution, Standard normal deviate, Asymmetrical distribution, t distribution. 

Unit-8- 

• Statistical sampling, Population, sample, sampling variations and bias, probability sampling methods, Simple random sampling, Systematic random sampling, Stratified random sampling, Multistage sampling, Multiphase sampling, Cluster sampling, Advantages and disadvantages of different types of sampling, Appropriate use of different types of sampling, Non probability sampling methods, Sample size, Concepts in calculation of sample size.

Unit-9- 

• Evaluating role of chance, Normal distribution, inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, p value, confidence intervals. Confidence interval for mean, statistical test of significance for difference between two means and more than two means (ANOVA). Confidence interval for proportion, statistical test of significance for difference between two proportions and more than two proportions (chi-squared test).

Unit-10 

• Correlation, Correlation coefficient, Positive correlation, Negative correlation, Rank correlation, Linear regression, Simple and multiple regression and logistic regression. Non parametric methods, Sign test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, median test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman test, Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Advantages of non-parametric methods over parametric methods, disadvantages of non-parametric methods over parametric methods, and applications of non- parametric tests.

Unit-11- 

• Ethics and biomedical research: General principles on ethical considerations involving human subjects, ethical review procedures, Institutional ethics committee, its organization and functions, general ethical issues. Specific principles for clinical evaluation of drugs / devices / diagnosis vaccines / herbal remedies, specific principles in epidemiological studies, specific principles in human genetic research, specific principles for research in transplantation including fetal tissue implantation, Publication ethics.

Unit-12- 

• Ethical guidelines for experimental animals: Sources of experimental animals, Lab. Animal husbandry and management, anesthesia and euthanasia, laboratory animal ethics, institutional animal ethics committee, its organization and functions and responsibilities, ethical guidelines for use of animals for scientific research, The 3 R’s (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement), CPCSEA guidelines, Ethical principles adopted by CPCSEA for use of animals in scientific experimentation, in-vitro system to replace animals, legal provisions for experimentation of animals. 

Entrance Exam Syllabus 

Foundation of Research

• Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility. Concept of theory, Empiricism, deductive and inductive theory. Characteristics of scientific method -Understanding the language of research - Concept, Construct, definition, Variable. Research Process.

Problem Identification and Formulation

• Definition and formulating the research problem, Necessity of defining the problem, Importance of literature review in defining a Problem, Research Question - Investigation Question - Measurement Issues - Hypothesis- Qualities of a good hypothesis - Null hypothesis & Alternative Hypothesis. HypothesisTesting - Logic & importance.

Research Design:

• Concept and Importance in Research - Features of a good research Design - Exploratory Research Design - Concept, Types and uses, Descriptive Research Design - concept, Types, and uses. Experimental Design - Concept of Independent & Dependent Variables.

Qualitative and Quantitative Research

• Qualitative - Quantitative Research - Concept of Measurement, causality, generalization, replication. Merging the two approaches.

Data collection and analysis

• Execution ofthe research -Observation andCollection of Data - Methods of data collection, hypothesis-testing - Generalization and Interpretation.

Measurement

• Concept of measurement- whatis measured? Problem in measurement In research - Validity and Reliability. Levels of measurement - Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.

Sampling

• Concept of Statistical population, Sample, Sampling Frame, Sampling Error, Sample size, NonResponse. Characteristics of a good sample. Probability Sample -Simple Random Sample, Systematic Sample, Stratified Random Sample & Multi-stage Sampling. Determining size of the sample - Practical considerations in sampling and Sample size.

Data Analysis: data Preparation

• Univariate analysis (frequency tables, bar charts, pie Charts, percentages), bivariate analysis - Cross tabulations and Chi-square test including testing hypothesis of association. 

Interpretation of Data and Paper Writing

• Layout of a Research Paper, Journals in Computer Science, Impact factor of journals, When and where to publish? Ethical issues Related to publishing, Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism. Use of Encyclopedias, Research Guides, Handbook etc., Academic databases for concerned discipline.

Use of tools and techniques for Research

• methods to search required information Effectively, Reference Management Software like Zotero/Mendeley, Software for paper Formatting like Latex/MSOffice, Software for detection of plagiarism.

Reporting and Thesis writing

• Structure and components of scientific reports - Types of Report - Technical Reports and Thesis - Significance - Different steps in the preparation -Layout, Structure and Language of typical reports - Illustrations and Tables -Bibliography, Referencing and Footnotes - Oral presentation - Planning - Preparation -Practice - Making presentation - Use of visual aids - Importance of effective Communication.

Application of results and ethics

• Environmental impacts – Ethical issues – Ethical committees - Commercialization - Copyright - Royalty - Intellectual property rights and Patent law - Trade-related aspects of intellectual property Rights - Reproduction of Published Material—Plagiarism—Citation and Acknowledgment—Citation and Acknowledgment—Reproducibility and accountability.

Reasoning and Mental ability

• Analogy, classification, Series, Coding-Decoding, Direction Sense, Representation through Venn diagrams, mathematical operations, arithmetical reasoning, Inserting the missing character, number, Ranking and time sequence test, Eligibility Test, Representation through Venn diagrams, Number &Symbols ordering, Comprehension questions, Statement & assumptions, statement & conclusions, Statement & actions.

Entrance Exam Syllabus of PhD in Chemistry 

Section-1

Atomic structure

• Bohr’s model – results of wave mechanical model – quantum numbers – shapes of orbitals. 

Chemical kinetics and equilibrium

• Rates of reactions – 1 st and 2nd order reactions – activation energy – Kp, Kx, Kn, etc. – homogeneous chemical equilibria – acids and bases – pKa of acid – solubility product.

Thermodynamics and thermochemistry

• Isothermal and adiabatic processes – carnot cycle, First, second and third laws of thermodynamics and their applications, entropy – free energy and chemical potential – chemical equilibria – phase equilibria, Cv and Cp, Hess law – Kirchoff’s law – surface chemistry and thermodynamics – adsorption – solid state chemistry with reference to adsorption – solution chemistry – colligative properties – solvation – polar solvents.

Chemical Dynamics

• Kinetic theory of gases – kinetics of reactions in the gas phase – theories of reactions – collision theory – transition state theory – applications of thermodynamic concepts to reactions – complex reactions such as parallel, consecutive and reversible reactions – chain reactions and their kinetics – kinetics in the liquid phase – effect of medium on reactions – homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis – photochemistry in the gas phase and in solution – fluorescence – mechanism of photochemical reactions – irreversible processes in solution – fast reactions - viscosity – diffusion – sedimentation – behaviour of large molecules in solution – surfactants and their properties.

Electrochemistry

• Conductance of electrolytes – transference – cells, half cells – Nernst equation – simple applications of conductivity and potentiometry Electrochemical cells – Nernst equation – theory of strong electrolytes (DebyeHuckel theory) – electrical double layer Lippman equation and structure – electrokinetic phenomena – basic electrode kinetics – Butler Volmer equation – Tafel equation – electroanalytical techniques (e.g polarography etc.) 

Quantum chemistry and Chemical bonding

• Schroedinger equation (SE) - postulates of quantum mechanics – operators – operators (Hamiltonian, angular momentum, spin and ladder) – exact solution of SE for some systems eg. Particle in the box, rigid rotor harmonic oscillator – approximate methods, variations and perturbation methods – LCAO – MO and VB methods. MO of diatomics and correlation diagrams – Huckel MO (HMO) theory and application to simple systems (eg. conjugated polyenes etc.) hybrid orbitals, molecular geometry.

Nuclear Chemistry

• Nuclear reactions – fission and fusion – Radioactive decay process – interaction of radiation with matter.

Spectroscopy

• UV-Vis, IR, Raman spectroscopy – principles of NMR and ESR spectroscopy – spin – spin splitting – hyperfine interactions – fundamental understanding of ESCA and Moss bauer spectroscopy - theories of the above spectroscopies with quantum mechanical approach – applications. 

Section-2

Analytical Chemistry

• Principles of volumetric and gravimetric analysis, organic reagents in inorganic analysis, Principles of Instrumental methods in analysis – neutron activation, isotope solution analysis, spectrophotometry and flamephotometry, general applications of instrumental methods of chemical analysis – electrochemical and spectroscopic methods in analytical chemistry.

Chemistry of main group elements

• A comparative account of the Chemistry of alkali, alkaline earth metals, non-transition elements and rare gases.

Solid State Chemistry

• Crystal systems, Bravais crystal system, crystal symmetry, symmetry elements in a cubic system, laws of crystallography, atomic radius, number of atoms per unit cell, atomic packing factor, Weiss and Miller indices, interplanar spacing, X-ray studies of crystals-Bragg’s equation, imperfections in crystals, structure of CsCl, CaF2, TiO2, diamond and graphite, Electronic properties of solids, band theory. 

Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry

• Synthesis, principles and structures of the following compounds, boron hydrides, boron anions, carboranes, compounds having B-N, B-P, Si-O, P-N, S-N, metal-hydrogen and metal carbon bonds – noble gas compounds.

Coordination compounds and transition metals

• Coordination number – nomenclature – measurement of stability constants of complexes – mono and polyligated systems. Coordination components, isomerism, Principles of VB, MO and LF approaches, eleectronic spectrum and magnetic properties. Reaction mechanism of square planar and octahedral complexes. dn configurations and their theoretical analysis R – S states – CF and LF theories – state splitting in different fields. Electronic spectra of complexes. Lanthanides – their properties – spectral and magnetic properties of lanthanides and transition and metal complexes.

Organo-Metallics

• Metal carbonyls – olefin and acetylene complexes – metallocenes – haemoglobin.

Section-3

Reaction Mechanism

• Chemical bonding and structure – nucleophilic substitution reactions at saturated carbon atoms – neighboring group participation – carbonium ion rearrangements – mechanisms of oxidation of alcohols and ketone reductions. Elementary treatment of reaction of type SN1, SN2, E1 and E2. Hoffmann and Saytzeff Rules – substitutions at the aromatic ring, electrophilic, nucleophilic and radical – correlation of structure and reactivity – inductive, resonance and steric effects. 

Reactions

• Cycle additions – hydroboration – Hunsdiecker, Dieckmann, reactions, Cope, Fries and Claisen rearrangements and their mechanism – electron deficient carbon and nitrogen mediated rearrangements – Witting, Wolff, Hoffmann, Curtius, Schmidt rections – Mannich, Favorski, Michael, Robinson reactions – enolates and enamines.

Reagents

• used in organic synthesis (like KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, LiAlH4, NaBH4, Wilkinson’s catalyst, DCC, etc.)

Organic Photo Chemistry

• Reactions of carbonyl compounds – dienes, cycloadditions – Woodward –Hoffmann rules – applications.

Terpenes

• Classification – syntheses – structural elucidation of mono terpenoid and diterpenoids. 

Steriods

• Classification – rearrangements of steroids – photo chemical transformations – Barton reaction – cholesterol – synthesis of aromatic steroids.

Structural Elucidation by Spectroscopic Methods

• Application of UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy to structural analysis of organic compounds. IUPAC system of nomenclature, alkanes, alkenes, dienes, ketones, alcohols, amines and carboxylic acids – their preparation and properties. 

Aromaticity

• benzene chemistry

Stereo Chemistry

• Optical activity – asymmetric synthesis – conformational analysis of cyclohexanes and decalines – octat rule. Cyclohexane – Conformational analysis geometric isomerism concepts of Z and E, R and S notations.

Heterocyclic compounds

• Preparation, and properties of Thiophene and pyrrole. 

Entrance Exam

Registration Date

Exam Date

UGC NET 

To be Announced

June 10 – June 21, 2024

CSIR NET 

To be Announced 

To be Announced 

IPU PhD Entrance Test (PET)

March-May, 2024

June, 2024

GATE

August 31 – October 13, 2023

February 3, 4, 10, 11, 2024

VITMEE

November 30, 2023

December 12, 2023

AIIMS Ph.D Entrance Exam

To be Announced 

To be Announced 

VMOU PhD Entrance Exam

To be Announced 

To be Announced 

NIPER PhD Entrance Exam

To be Announced 

To be Announced 

Institute

Exams Accepted

Jawaharlal Nehru University

UGC NET- JRF

University of Delhi

NET/JRF

Hidayaullah National Law University

Entrance Exam, UGC NET JRF

Aligarh Muslim University

University Entrance Exam, UGC NET JRF

Mizoram University

University Entrance Exam, UGC NET JRF

North Eastern Hill University

Entrance Exam, UGC NET JRF

Institute

Exams Accepted

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

GATE

Manipal University

PhD Manipal Entrance Test (MET)

VIT Vellore

VITREE

KIIT University

KIITEE

BITS Pilani

BITS PhD Entrance Exam

Bharathidasan University

University-Level Exam 

Barkatullah University

UGC-NET

Bangalore University

UGC-NET

Job Title

Average Salary (INR)

Research Scientist (Government/Private Institutions)

5 - 8 LPA

University Professor/Lecturer

7 - 15 LPA 

Postdoctoral Researcher (Postdoc)

3.5 - 5 LPA

Science/Research Consultant

4 - 7 LPA

Science Writer/Editor

4 - 6 LPA

Data Scientist (Industry)

6 - 12 LPA

Product Manager (Industry)

8 - 18 LPA

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