PhD Full Form: Courses List, Subjects, Colleges [2025]

The full form of a PhD is Doctor of Philosophy, and it is a doctoral program. The duration to complete the program is a minimum of 3-5 years and you extend up to 7 years. It also stands for DPhil or  D.Phil in some countries. A PhD holder can use the title 'Dr..' before their name.

It's considered the highest level of qualification in many fields. The program involves years of study, research, and publishing work. Completing a PhD typically requires coursework, exams, and a thesis. It usually takes at least three years to complete a PhD.

What is the objective of a PhD Program? 

PhD is a prestigious academic degree offered by universities worldwide. Its main aim is to train the future generation of researchers and scientists.

Students with a PhD have many opportunities in today's world. After earning their degree, they should assess their skills and apply for jobs based on their interests and expertise. Knowing their area of interest helps them find a suitable job.

PhD holders can work as lecturers or professors, in human services, as novelists or writers, journalists, editors, critics, philosophical journalists, researchers, scientists, or independent consultants. They can find roles in various sectors, from finance to the public sector.

Skills Needed for a PhD Degree 

PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy in education. Doing a PhD is not easy—it needs many important skills to handle the hard work of research and learning.

The first and most important skill is having a strong desire to learn. You must be curious and ready to explore new ideas. You should not be afraid of mistakes. Even when the results are not what you expected, they are still useful. This helps you stay positive and strong during tough times.

• Time management is also very important. A PhD student needs to plan their time well so they can do research and experiments without getting too tired or stressed. You have to be productive even when time is short.
• Another big part of PhD work is data analysis. You have to look at data carefully, find patterns, and make good conclusions. Even though there are software tools to help, your own thinking and judgment are still very important to understand what the data means.
• Communication skills are also needed. You must explain your research clearly in writing (like in research papers), speaking (at presentations), and in everyday conversations, especially during seminars and conferences. Good communication also helps you build connections with other people in your field.
• One more key skill is perseverance—that means not giving up easily. A PhD journey has many ups and downs. Sometimes, things don’t go as planned. But if you stay patient and keep trying, you will move forward.

In short, doing a PhD means learning how to manage your time, study deeply, analyze data, communicate well, and keep going even when things are hard. These skills not only help you complete your PhD but also prepare you for a great career ahead.

What are the Eligibility Criteria to pursue a PhD Program?

To pursue a PhD Program, you must fulfill the eligibility criteria mentioned below :

• To pursue a PhD, a Master's degree in the same field is necessary.
• Some universities may require an MPhil as well.
• Colleges accept candidates who have cleared UGC NET.
• Candidates in Engineering must have a valid GATE score.

PhD Entrance Exams

If you want to study for a PhD in India, you usually need to pass an entrance exam. These exams check how much you know about your subject and how ready you are for research. Here are some of the main PhD entrance exams in India:

National Level Exams

• UGC-NET: This exam is managed by NTA. It is for subjects like humanities, social sciences, and commerce.
• CSIR-NET: This is for science subjects like physics, chemistry, maths, life sciences, and earth sciences. It is managed by CSIR.
• GATE: This exam is for students who studied engineering or technology. It is used for PhD admissions and also for jobs.
• JRF-NET: This exam gives research fellowships in special fields. It is conducted by groups like ICMR, DBT, and ICAR.

University-Specific Exams

Some universities also conduct their own entrance exams. These can include:

• A written test
• An interview

These tests are held by the university for specific subjects or departments.

In short, to get a PhD seat, you must pass one of these exams, depending on your subject.

What is the UGC-NET Exam? 

The CSIR UGC NET is an entrance exam for Indian nationals to qualify for Junior Research Fellowships and Lectureship or Assistant Professor positions in Indian universities and colleges. Candidates must meet the eligibility criteria set by UGC.

Some of the Important Dates regarding the PhD Entrance Exam are mentioned below :

Entrance Exam	Registration Date	Exam Date
UGC NET	To be Announced	June 10 – June 21, 2024
CSIR NET	To be Announced	To be Announced
IPU PhD Entrance Test (PET)	March-May, 2024	June, 2024
GATE	August 31 – October 13, 2023	February 3, 4, 10, 11, 2024
VITMEE	November 30, 2023	December 12, 2023
AIIMS Ph.D Entrance Exam	To be Announced	To be Announced
VMOU PhD Entrance Exam	To be Announced	To be Announced
NIPER PhD Entrance Exam	To be Announced	To be Announced

PhD Entrance Exam Syllabus of Delhi University

The entrance exam of Delhi University for PhD is divided into 2 parts. Each part holds a weightage of 50 percent marks. 

PhD Entrance Exam Syllabus of Delhi University
Research Methodology	The literature review Collection and analysis of data Information sources References  Scientific writing
Mathematical Tools for Research in Computer Science (part of Research Methodology)	Algebra Linear Algebra Calculus Geometry Vector Calculus Real Analysis Probability and Statistics
English Comprehension	Correct usage of English language and reading Comprehension.
Computer Science (Subject Specific)	Discrete Structures Programming, Data Structures and Algorithms Computer System Architecture Operating Systems DBMS and File Structures Computer Networks

What are those subjects in which PhD degree is offered? 

There are various subjects that can be opted by you if you are thinking of pursuing a PhD program.

Some of those subjects are mentioned below :

• Engineering
• Statistics
• Physics
• Mathematics
• Biochemistry
• Biotechnology
• Finance
• Management of Health Care
• Organizational Behavior
• Chemistry
• Accounting
• Economics

What is the admission procedure for a PhD Program?

Follow the simple steps below to learn the admission procedure of a PhD Program :

• Visit the university’s official website and review the PhD course details. Select your research area.
• Watch for admission advertisements in newspapers or on the university's website. Fill out the application form for your chosen course. Admission notifications are usually released 4-5 months before the course starts.
• Fill out and submit your application form as per the institute's schedule. Ensure you pay the application fee on time and submit all required documents.
• Some institutes require a research proposal with the application form. Submit the application form and research proposal to the Research Unit for review.
• After reviewing the applications, institutes shortlist candidates for entrance exams and other admission rounds.
• Candidates selected for PhD programs are assigned supervisors or guides for their research.

What is a PhD Research Proposal? 

A research proposal outlines the direction of your future research, focusing on a research question and a chapter-by-chapter approach to addressing it. In PhD applications, the proposal is evaluated to determine if the project can be completed within three years of full-time research. 

What to include in your Research Proposal? 

• Outline your proposed research topics, considering previous work.
• Highlight your awareness of current debates within the field.
• Demonstrate a suitable level of analysis.
• Identify relevant gaps in current knowledge.
• Suggest a research hypothesis to fill some of these gaps.
• Explain your intended research methodology in detail.
• Discuss the real-world policy implications of your PhD proposal.

What are Some of the popular PhD Programs? 

Some of the popular PhD programs according to the streams are written below. You can choose anyone of your choice. 

Popular PhD courses in Humanities
PhD in Humanities	PhD Economics	PhD Geography
PhD in Social Work	PhD in English	PhD in Social Sciences
PhD in Public and Economic Policy	PhD in Humanities & Social Sciences	PhD in Humanities and Life Sciences
PhD in Psychology	PhD in Arts	PhD in International Relations and Politics
PhD in Physiology	PhD in Public Policy	PhD in Literature
Popular PhD Courses in Science
PhD in Chemistry	PhD in Clinical Research	PhD in Science
PhD in Bioscience	PhD in Bioinformatics	PhD Biotechnology
PhD in Mathematical and Computational Sciences	PhD in Environmental Science and Engineering	PhD in Applied Chemistry & Polymer Technology
PhD in Applied Sciences	PhD Zoology	PhD in Physics
PhD in Basic and Applied Sciences	PhD in Mathematics	PhD in Zoology
Popular PhD Courses in Commerce
PhD in Commerce Management	PhD in Accounting and Financial Management
Popular PhD Courses in Engineering
PhD in Engineering	PhD in Genetic Engineering	PhD in Civil Engineering
PhD Program in Quantitative Techniques	PhD in Engineering and Technology	PhD Electronics & Communication Engineering
PhD Computer Science Engineering	PhD in Electronics and Communication Engineering	PhD in Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering
PhD in Information Technology	PhD in Ceramic Engineering	PhD in Production Engineering
PhD in Marine Biotechnology	PhD in Chemical Engineering	PhD in Mechanical Engineering
Popular PhD Courses in Business & Management
PhD Business Administration	PhD in Management	PhD in Aviation Management
PhD in Logistics and Supply Chain Management	PhD in Accounting and Financial Management	PhD in Marketing/ Brand Management
PhD in Commerce	PhD in Commerce and Management
Popular PhD Courses in Law
PhD in Law	PhD in Constitutional Law	PhD in Law and Governance
PhD in Legal Studies
Popular PhD Courses in Teaching & Education
PhD in Education	PhD in Teaching

What are the types of Research Scholars? 

• Government or Semi-Government Fellowship Recipients : PhD scholars in this category receive financial assistance through government or semi-government fellowship schemes. 
• Institute Research Scholars with Teaching Assistance : PhD aspirants in this category receive Institute Teaching Assistantships as specified by the MHRD. Indian Self-financed Candidates: These candidates are admitted to PhD programs based on their track record and experience, but they do not receive financial assistance from the institute. 
• Foreign Self-financed Candidates :  Admission for these candidates is facilitated through their respective country's embassy after obtaining a no-objection certificate from the MHRD and other necessary approvals. 
• Sponsored Candidates : PhD aspirants sponsored by recognized Research and Development organizations conduct full-time research at the institute. 
• Study Leave Candidates : These candidates are granted study leave by their government institutes, companies, or educational institutions for research at the specified institute for less than three years. A letter of leave from the candidate's institute or company is required for admission.
• ICCR Awardees :  Foreign candidates sponsored by their governments are awarded PhD seats under the Indian Council of Cultural Relations (ICCR) scholarship category if they have been awarded the scholarship by their government.

What are the advantages of pursuing a PhD program?

Students with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) have many opportunities. After earning their degree, they should assess their skills and interests to find suitable jobs. Knowing their interests helps in finding a good job.

PhD holders can work as lecturers or professors, in human services, as novelists or writers, journalists, editors, or critics, as philosophical journalists, researchers, scientists, or independent consultants. They can work in finance, public sector, and more.

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Stream Wise Syllabus of PhD Program

PhD or Doctor of Philosophy, courses are offered in many fields. Some major streams include Science, Arts and Humanities, and Management. There are many PhD courses available in India. The table below shows the syllabus for some PhD courses by stream:

• Science Stream : Check the table below to know the topics you will get to learn in the science stream 

Advanced Computer Algorithms	Distributed COM
Advanced Database Management Systems	Distributed File System
Advanced Software Engineering	Distributed Systems
Component Object Model (COM) & interfaces in COM	Dynamic Programming
Computer Architecture	Frequencies for Radio Transmission
Computer System Design	Medium Access Control
CORBA, JAVA, and object web	Multiprocessor Architecture

• Management Stream : Check the table below to know the topics you will get to learn in the Management stream 

Computer Applications	Logistics
Dissertation	Marketing
Elective I	Operations Management
Financial Management	Project Work
General Management	Quantitative Analysis
Human Resource Management	Research Methodology
Information Technology Management	Retail Merchandising

• Art and Humanities Stream: Check the table below to know the topics you will get to learn in the Art and Humanities stream

Advanced Course in Logic	Communication Theory
Advanced Course in Philosophy of Science	Data Collection and Organization
Advanced Course in Formal Methods	Decision Theory
Advanced Econometric Methods	Environment and Development
Advanced Economic Theory	Environment Philosophy
Advanced Macroeconomics Theory	Fieldwork
Advanced Microeconomics Theory	Governance and the Political Economy of Development

PhD Syllabus

The PhD syllabus is mainly about learning how to do deep research, studying advanced topics in your chosen subject, and creating a research proposal. It helps students become ready for independent research and writing a thesis.

Main Parts of a PhD Program

Most PhD programs have similar core parts, though the details may change depending on your subject and university.

1. Coursework

• You study advanced topics related to your subject.
• You learn research methods, data analysis, and statistics.
• You also learn about research ethics—what is right and wrong in research.

2. Research Proposal

• You write a plan for your research.
• It includes your main question, how you’ll research it, and what you expect to find.

3. Original Research

• This is the most important part.
• You collect data, study it, and try to answer your research question.
• It takes a lot of time and effort.

4. Thesis Writing

• You write a full report (called a thesis) about your research. 
• It includes what you studied, how you did it, and what you found.

5. Thesis Defense

• After you finish your thesis, you must present and defend it in front of a group of experts.

What Affects the PhD Syllabus?

• Subject Area: Your syllabus depends on your chosen subject (e.g., Physics, Economics, English, etc.).
• University Rules: Each university has its own guidelines for PhD students.
• Supervisor’s Expertise: Your guide or supervisor will shape your research direction based on their knowledge.
• Your Interest: Your personal research topic also decides what you will study and write.

Final Tip: For exact details about a specific PhD course, it's best to check the university’s official website or talk to the department directly. They will tell you what subjects, research work, and steps you need to follow.

What is the Course Structure of a PhD Program?

• The research proposal and research topic must be submitted by candidates who are chosen for PhD programs. They are then given a research guide or supervisor.
• The coordinator or supervisor of the research program provides information on the courses, assessment procedures, and teaching schedule. Researchers are required to provide progress reports every six months.
• In addition to submitting a certificate to the Research Unit, PhD candidates are required to present in at least two seminars. Before turning in their thesis, they must furthermore present a certificate and at least one research paper that has been published in a peer-reviewed publication.
• The supervisor arranges a seminar before the submission of the thesis. The final thesis must take into account the suggestions for improvement made in this seminar.
• A thesis summary must be sent to the supervisor of the candidate at least forty-five days before the final submission. The thesis is then reviewed by outside specialists in both hard copy and soft copy versions. Should changes be recommended, the candidate is required to submit a revised thesis.
• Candidates present their theses before a panel of experts during a viva voce. A PhD degree is only granted to people who successfully finish all of these processes.

Who should opt for a PhD Program? 

A Doctor of Philosophy degree is recommended for those who wish to work in academics or research (PhD). A PhD enables people to learn more about a subject they are passionate about. It gives those who deserve it a sense of pride and respect.

Students who are unsure about whether a PhD is suited for them may seek advice from teachers and previous PhD candidates. Understanding what PhD degrees include may be gained by investigating various PhD programs. Students who have a clear comprehension of the framework can decide whether or not to pursue a PhD.

What are the different modes of a PhD Program?

There are different modes of a PhD Program. Some of them are mentioned below  :

Regular PhD Program 

A full-time PhD is a standard Doctor of Philosophy program that lasts about 4 to 6 years. It is the most expensive type of PhD program. Government and semi-government fellowship recipients, institute research scholars with teaching assistance, and self-financed candidates usually prefer full-time PhD programs.

Part-Time PhD Program 

PhD programs can also be done part-time. Candidates working in reputed research organizations, academic institutes, or industries near the campus are usually granted part-time PhDs. A part-time PhD takes 7-8 years to complete, as students must fulfill the same academic credits and requirements as full-time students.

Part-time PhD students attend a limited number of classes. They must have at least 1 year of work experience and an NOC from their employer. Part-time Ph.D. focuses on research that benefits the company rather than individual research.

Online PhD Program 

Online PhD program is not UGC-approved in India and hence it is not offered by any Indian universities but if you are looking out for an option for an Online PhD program, you can opt for its alternative and that alternative is an Online DBA.

It is also a doctorate program and it can be done online without visiting college daily. Moreover, it also adds up the “Dr” title before your name. There are various universities offering you an Online DBA. Some of them are mentioned below 

Universities	Fees
Golden Gate University	INR 8,14,000
Rushford Business School	INR 8,12,500
ESGCI International School of Management Paris	INR 8,14,000

Colleges offering a PhD Program 

There are various government and private colleges offering you a PhD Program. Some of them are mentioned below :

• Government Colleges : Fees of government colleges are still less expensive than in comparison to private colleges. 

College Name	Fees (INR)
JNU	1391
Jai Narayan Vyas University	10,000
BHU	10,000
Jamia Millia Islamia	15,000
Aligarh Muslim University	10,000
DIPSAR	30,385
NIT Durgapur	64,100
Calcutta University	14,000
Jadavpur University	12,000
Institute of Advanced Study in Education	3,116

• Private Colleges : The fees of private colleges are a little high in comparison to the government colleges fees.

College Name	Fees (INR)
VIT	53,000
Manipal Academy of Higher Education	59,000
PRIST University	30,000
DA-IICT	65,000
Bombay College of Pharmacy	1,50,850
Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education	25,000
IFHE Hyderabad	1,20,000
IIIT-B	1,07,000
JRNRVU	30,000
BVIMSR	75,000

NOTE - It is advised that you must check the fees before enrolling as fees change from time to time. 

What is the career scope after completing a PhD Program? 

Once you complete a PhD program, you can apply to various job roles. Moreover, the “Dr” title will be added to your name.

Some of the job roles are mentioned below :

• Research Scientist (Government/Private Institutions)
• University Professor/Lecturer
• Postdoctoral Researcher (Postdoc)
• Science/Research Consultant
• Science Writer/Editor
• Data Scientist (Industry)
• Product Manager (Industry)

Check the table below to know the average salaries earned by the graduates of the program :

Job Title	Average Salary (INR)
Research Scientist (Government/Private Institutions)	5 - 8 LPA
University Professor/Lecturer	7 - 15 LPA
Postdoctoral Researcher (Postdoc)	3.5 - 5 LPA
Science/Research Consultant	4 - 7 LPA
Science Writer/Editor	4 - 6 LPA
Data Scientist (Industry)	6 - 12 LPA
Product Manager (Industry)	8 - 18 LPA

The average salary that you can earn after completing the program is INR 4,00,000 - INR 10,00,000. Salaries also depend upon factors such as location, company, experience, knowledge, and many more. It is to be noted that in some countries Doctor of Literature is considered above than PhD program. 

Moreover, various top recruiters hire you once you complete your program. Moreover, the salaries of graduates of a PhD program according to the cities are mentioned below. 

Top Research Organisations you can apply to
DRDO	ISRO
ICAR	ASI

Can I apply for a PhD without relevant qualifications?

If you lack the necessary qualifications for a PhD, you might still qualify by meeting additional requirements set by your chosen institution. These requirements could include extra study or passing a qualifying exam.

Alternatively, you might make a special case to your institution based on non-degree professional qualifications or significant practical experience, or foreign qualifications.

Special case PhD applications will need strong support from your potential supervisor, so seek their advice and backing before applying in this manner.

Is there a Degree higher than a Ph.D? 

Some degrees are considered higher than a PhD and are awarded for significant contributions in specific fields. These are common in UK and some European universities, often given as honorary degrees in the US.

Higher doctorate degrees include -

• Doctor of Science (DS/SD) : Given for significant contributions to scientific knowledge beyond a PhD.
• Doctor of Literature/Letters (DLit/DLitt/LitD) : Awarded for achievements in humanities or creative arts.
• Doctor of Divinity (DD) : Recognizes ministry-oriented accomplishments, higher than a Doctor of Theology.
• Doctor of Music (DMus) : Awarded based on a substantial portfolio of compositions or scholarly publications on music.
• Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) : Among the highest doctorates, granted for exceptional and original contributions to law or politics.

PhDs through M.Phil

Potential PhD candidates have the option to apply as general research students or for an MPhil degree. The MPhil is an advanced master’s degree awarded for research, suitable for students without a strong research background.

Candidates may need to take taught courses to learn research methods. Completion of a one-year taught program may lead to an MRes degree, with more taught components than the MPhil.

MRes can be awarded instead of a PhD if the required period of study for a PhD is not completed. Completion of original research may lead to the award of the MPhil degree without defending the dissertation.

After the first or second year of research (during MPhil), if the institution is satisfied with progress, candidates can apply for full PhD registration. Supervisor or tutor determines readiness to progress to a PhD. Candidates develop a thesis title and choose a PhD program if deemed ready. 

Scope of PhD

A PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) is the highest level of education. It shows that you have deep knowledge in a subject and can do original research. It also means you can think clearly, solve problems, and explain ideas well.

Career Options After a PhD

A PhD gives you many job choices in teaching, research, business, and more.

In Colleges and Universities (Academia):

• University Professor – Teach students and guide other PhD students.
• Research Scientist – Work in labs or universities to do research and write research papers.
• Post-Doctoral Fellow – Continue research after your PhD with the help of expert mentors.

In Companies (Industry)

• R&D (Research and Development) – Create new products or improve current ones.
• Consultant – Give expert advice to businesses or government.
• Policy Analyst – Help government bodies make smart policies.
• Data Scientist – Study data to help businesses make better decisions.
• Entrepreneur – Start your own business using your research idea.

Other Options:

• Writer or Editor – Write or edit scientific or academic content.
• Patent and IP Law – Work with laws that protect new inventions.
• Public Policy Expert – Use your knowledge to improve public systems and laws.

PhD Career Paths

Career Path	Common Roles
Academia	Professor, Research Scientist, Postdoc Fellow
Industry	R&D Expert, Consultant, Data Scientist, Entrepreneur
Other Opportunities	Writer, Patent Law Expert, Policy Maker

Benefits of Doing a PhD

• Deep Knowledge – Become an expert in your subject.
• Thinking Skills – Learn how to think better and solve problems.
• Research Skills – Learn how to do advanced research work.
• Job Options – Many career choices become open.
• Personal Growth – Builds confidence, patience, and curiosity.

PhD Salary in India

Your salary after a PhD depends on:

• Subject Area – Science and technology (STEM) jobs often pay more.
• Experience – New PhDs earn less than experienced ones.
• Employer Type – Government jobs, private companies, and colleges pay differently.
• City or Area – Big city jobs often offer higher salaries.

Average Salary:

A new PhD holder in India usually earns between ₹6 to ₹15 lakhs per year. With more experience or special skills, this can go even higher.

Doing a PhD is a big step, but it opens many doors. Whether you want to teach, do research, work in business, or start something of your own, a PhD gives you the skills and knowledge to succeed.

Top Scholarships for PhD Students in India

Doing a PhD in India can be costly, but there are many scholarships to help students pay for their education and research. These scholarships come from the government, universities, and private organizations. Here are some of the top options:

Government Scholarships

• Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship (PMRF):
  This fellowship supports smart and talented students who want to do a PhD in different subjects. It gives financial help for research.
• UGC Fellowships:
  The University Grants Commission (UGC) offers fellowships to PhD students in many subjects. It helps with money for research and studies.
• CSIR Fellowships:
  The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) gives fellowships to students doing PhDs in science areas like physics, chemistry, biology, etc.
• DST Fellowships:
  The Department of Science and Technology (DST) supports students working in advanced science fields such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, and green energy.
• ICMR Fellowships:
  The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) offers support to students who want to do research in medical and health-related fields.

University Scholarships

Many Indian universities have their own scholarships for PhD students. These can cover:

• Tuition fees
• Monthly living expenses (stipend)
• Research materials

These are usually given based on good academic performance, research ideas, or financial need.

Other Scholarships

• Tata Trusts:
  Offers scholarships for students pursuing higher education, including PhDs.
• Infosys Foundation:
  Supports research students in subjects like computer science, engineering, and mathematics.
• Fulbright-Nehru Fellowships:
  These fellowships give Indian students the chance to do a PhD in the United States with full or partial funding.

There are many helpful scholarships available in India for students who want to do a PhD. These programs reduce the cost of study and let students focus on their research. It’s a good idea to check the eligibility and apply early.

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Conclusion 

The full form of a PhD is a Doctor of Philosophy and it is a doctorate program. The duration to complete the program is a minimum of 3-5 years and you extend up to 7 years. It also stands for DPhil or  D.Phil in some countries. A PhD holder can use the title 'Dr.' before their name. Moreover, if you want to pursue an Online PhD that is not approved by the UGC (University Grants Commission) you can opt for its alternative which is an Online DBA. It stands for Doctor of Business Administration and it is also a doctorate program and adds up the “Dr” title before your name.